In 43, Vespasian and the II Augusta participated in the Roman invasion of Britain, and he distinguished himself under the overall command of Aulus Plautius. [9], They had two sons, Titus Flavius Vespasianus (born 39) and Titus Flavius Domitianus (born 51), and a daughter, Domitilla (born c. 45). uganda's president milton ..., succeeded by idi amin in '71 and preceded by him in '80. Michael V Kalaphates (Μιχαὴλ ὁ Καλαφάτης) 1015 Nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. He was consul three times, which was unusual during the Roman empire for someone who was not a member of the Imperial family. He reformed the financial system of Rome after the campaign against Judaea ended successfully, and initiated several ambitious construction projects, including the building of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum. In January 70, an uprising occurred in Gaul and Germany, known as the second Batavian Rebellion. Start studying Who succeeded whom in the Roman Empire?. 1 decade ago. After the death of his wife, Vespasian's long-standing mistress, Antonia Caenis, became his wife in all but formal status, a relationship that continued until she died in 75. The Flavians, each in turn, ruled from AD 69 to AD 96. We have a book of Quintus Elogius addressed to Quintus Vitellius, quaestor of the Deified Augustus, in which it is written that the Vitellii were sprung from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, who was worshipped as a goddess in many places; and that they ruled in all Latium. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. He could be liberal to impoverished Senators and equestrians and to cities and towns desolated by natural calamity. Four emperors ruled the Roman Empire in succession in AD 69, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Book 63: Nero's reign, continued: the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul", Five maps covering the Year of Four Emperors at Omniatlas, Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Year_of_the_Four_Emperors&oldid=1012622663, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe, Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, May – The Rhine legions defeat and kill Vindex in Gaul, 1 January – The Rhine legions refuse to swear loyalty to Galba, 2 January – Vitellius acclaimed emperor by the Rhine, 16 April – Otho commits suicide; Vitellius recognised emperor, August – The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in Syria) and invade Italy in September on his behalf, October – The Danubian army defeats Vitellius and Vespasian occupies Egypt, 20 December – Vitellius killed by soldiers in the Imperial Palace, 21 December – Vespasian recognized emperor, This page was last edited on 17 March 2021, at 11:56. Subsequently, he became a debt collector. Emperor After Nero. [47] Then, according to Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars: In his ninth consulship he had a slight illness in Campania, and returning at once to the city, he left for Cutiliae and the country about Reate, where he spent the summer every year. The legions stationed at the border to Germania marched to meet Vindex and to confront him as a traitor. Encyclopædia Britannica. It was too late to reason; Vitellius' generals were leading half of his army toward Italy. After Vespasian arrived in Rome in mid-70, Mucianus continued to press Vespasian to collect as many taxes as possible. [8], Petro's son, Titus Flavius Sabinus, worked as a customs official in the province of Asia and became a moneylender on a small scale among the Helvetii. Source(s): Took Roman History in college. During this time he became the patron of Flavius Josephus, a Jewish resistance leader captured at the Siege of Yodfat, who would later write his people's history in Greek. The Latin proverb "Pecunia non olet" ("Money does not stink") may have been created when he had introduced a urine tax on public toilets. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Vitellius Alexander Thomson, Ed. [6] Vespasian immediately embarked on a series of efforts to stay in power and prevent future revolts. Suetonius claims that Vespasian was met with "constant conspiracies" against him. ("Dear me, I think I'm becoming a god"). Fast and free shipping free returns cash on delivery available on eligible purchase. Cambridge University Press. Upon the accession of Claudius as emperor in 41, Vespasian was appointed legate of Legio II Augusta, stationed in Germania, thanks to the influence of the Imperial freedman Narcissus. Pliny the Elder's work, the Natural History, was written during Vespasian's reign, and dedicated to Vespasian's son Titus. Succeeded Romanos III as Zoe's husband and emperor. Vespasian met no direct threat to his imperial power after the death of Vitellius. He gained a reputation as a scrupulous and honest "tax-farmer". Vitellius, A.D. 15-69; ruled A.D. 69 AULUS VITELLIUS. There, in addition to an increase in his illness, having contracted a bowel complaint by too free use of the cold waters, he nevertheless continued to perform his duties as emperor, even receiving embassies as he lay in bed. [8], Sabinus and Vespasia had three children, the eldest of whom, a girl, died in infancy. roger succeeded him in bond films . Why these men turned against Vespasian is not known. Very different accounts are given of the origin of the Vitellian family. By now, caesar was no longer a name, but a title that could be used by the emperor himself - who could also call himself Augustus - and the intended successor, who was appointed by adoption. In modern Romance languages, urinals are named after him (for example, vespasiano in Italian, and vespasienne in French),[55] probably in reference to a tax he placed on urine collection (useful due to its ammoniac content; see Pay toilet). They defeated Vitellius' army (which had awaited him in Mevania) at Bedriacum (or Betriacum), sacked Cremona and advanced on Rome. Sabinus, claiming he was descended from Julius Caesar, declared himself Emperor of Gaul. His wife Domitilla and his daughter Domitilla both died before Vespasian became Emperor in 69. Vitellius's predecessor. In seizing the capital, they burned down the temple of Jupiter. Lissner, I. 5 years ago. Moreover, at the beginning of the civil year of 69 on 1 January, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to Galba. In Rome, Galba cancelled all the reforms of Nero, including benefits for many important people. [18]:13–14 As Pharaonic precedent demanded, Vespasian demonstrated his divine election by the traditional methods of spitting on and trampling a blind and crippled man, thereby miraculously healing him. In mid-70, Vespasian first went to Rome, dating his tribunician years from 1 July 69. The fighting there had killed the previous governor and routed Cestius Gallus, the governor of Syria, when he tried to restore order. The Romans Would Tax Your Urine", "Money Does Not Stink: The Urine Tax of Ancient Rome", "Dion Cassius: Histoire Romaine : livre LXVIII (bilingue)", "At Least You Don't Pay Urine Tax… (1st C AD) – Ancient History Blog", "C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Vespasianus, chapter 24", "Plus de 3 M$ pour une douzaine de " vespasiennes " modernes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vespasian&oldid=1016674365, Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from February 2011, All articles needing additional references, Articles with disputed statements from December 2011, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles needing additional references from April 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 22 December 69 – 24 June 79 (9 years and 6 months). [37] The word vindex was removed from coins so as not to remind the public of rebellious Vindex. "Power and Folly: The Story of the Caesars". Vitellius showed his violent nature by ordering the torture and execution of those who dared to make such demands. If you haven't solved the crossword clue Vitellius succeeded him yet try to search our Crossword Dictionary by entering the letters you already know! was constructed in the forum as well. Lv 4. The Roman legions of Roman Egypt and Judaea reacted by declaring Vespasian, their commander, the emperor on 1 July 69. While under the emperor's patronage, Josephus wrote that after the Roman Legio X Fretensis, accompanied by Vespasian, destroyed Jericho on 21 June 68, Vespasian took a group of Jews who could not swim (possibly Essenes from Qumran), fettered them, and threw them into the Dead Sea to test the sea's legendary buoyancy. Vespasian (born Titus Flavius Vespasianus, pronounced [ˈt̪ɪt̪ʊs ˈfɫaːwijʊs wɛs.pasiˈjaːnʊs]) was born in a village north-east of Rome called Falacrinae. Josephus interpreted the prophecy to denote Vespasian and his appointment as emperor in Judea.[13][14]. Vespasian eventually believed that this prophecy applied to him, and found a number of omens and oracles that reinforced this belief. (Once, Caligula caused an accident with his chariot and wounded Vitellius, who remained crippled on one thigh.) He followed in his brother's footsteps when driven to it by his mother's taunting. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus. 1135 Norman nobles recognize Stefanus van Blois (Stephen, grandson of William the Conqueror) as English king. Vespasian's son, Titus, finally subdued the rebellion with the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Jewish Temple in 70. [46] Only one conspiracy is known specifically, though. [5] In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia, leaving his son Titus to command the besieging forces at Jerusalem. Corruption was so rife that it was almost expected that a governor would come back from these appointments with his pockets full. Vitellius Vitellius. He also began construction of the Colosseum, using funds from the spoils of the Jewish Temple after the Siege of Jerusalem.[45]. Under instructions from the prefect Tiberius Alexander, the legions at Alexandria took an oath of loyalty to Vespasian on 1 July. The praefectus Aegypti was Tiberius Julius Alexander, who had been governor since Nero's reign. Lv 7. He was especially generous to men of letters and rhetors, several of whom he pensioned with salaries of as much as 1,000 gold pieces a year. [4], While Vespasian besieged Jerusalem during the Jewish rebellion, emperor Nero committed suicide and plunged Rome into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. A number of executions followed, leaving Nero with few political allies left in the Senate. In October, the forces led by Primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius's army at the Second Battle of Bedriacum. This turn of events did not give the German legions the reward for loyalty that they had expected, but rather accusations of having obstructed Galba's path to the throne. the Messiah, would become governor "of the habitable earth". Vespasian marched from Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester) to subdue the hostile Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes,[11] captured twenty oppida (towns, or more probably hill forts, including Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset). He died of natural causes in 79. Vespasian himself travelled to Alexandria, where he was acclaimed emperor on 1 July, thereby gaining control of the vital grain supplies from Egypt. In June AD 68, the Praetorian Guard prefect, Nymphidius Sabinus, as part of a plot to become emperor himself, incited his men to transfer their loyalty from Nero to Galba. [17]:13 The importance of the Egyptian grain harvest (Latin: claustra annonae, lit. Events seemed to prove the omens right. Portrait bust of Vespasian wearing the civic crown, Palazzo Massimo, Rome, Portrait bust of Vespasian from Ostia, 69–79 AD, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome, Bust of Vespasian, Pushkin Museum, Moscow, Bust of Vespasian, c. 80 AD, Farnese Collection, Naples National Archaeological Museum. Usually, governorships were seen by ex-consuls as opportunities to extort huge amounts of money to regain the wealth they had spent on their previous political campaigns. December 22 69 Roman Emperor Vitellius was killed in a street battle in Rome by soldiers of Vespasian, who succeeded Vitellius as emperor. He rebuilt Rome’s military strength along the Rhine frontier to ensure the river fortifications held in the wake of the Teutoburg Forest disaster. "Vespasian". (Enter a dot for each missing letters, e.g. Below are possible answers for the crossword clue Vitellius succeeded him. He died of natural causes in 79. [17]:13 The prefect was himself of Hellenized Jewish descent and related to Philo of Alexandria. [33] Regional autonomy of Greek provinces was repealed. A number of Stoic philosophers were accused of corrupting students with inappropriate teachings and were expelled from Rome. A Roman general called Galba,who was marching on Rome to depose Nero, was declared emperor by the Senate … Hua succeeded him. In the short-term, administration of the empire was given to Mucianus who was aided by Vespasian's son, Domitian. [12] Nearly one-third of all coins minted in Rome under Vespasian celebrated military victory or peace. They were swiftly followed by Vespasian's Judaean legions on 3 July and thereafter by Mucianus' Syrian legions on 15 July.[16]. He became the founder of the stable Flavian dynasty that succeeded the Julio-Claudians. Led by Lucius Verginius Rufus, the Rhine army defeated Vindex in battle and Vindex killed himself shortly thereafter. Vitellius (Latin: Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus; 24 September 15-22 December 69) was Roman Emperor for eight months, from 16 April to 22 December 69. He gained the support of the governor of Syria, Gaius Licinius Mucianus. Vespasian and Mucianus renewed old taxes and instituted new ones, increased the tribute of the provinces, and kept a watchful eye upon the treasury officials. Realizing the immediate threat, Vitellius made a last attempt to gain time by sending emissaries, accompanied by Vestal Virgins, to negotiate a truce and start peace talks. [33] Vespasian approved histories written under his reign, ensuring biases against him were removed. [43] Helvidius Priscus, a pro-Republic philosopher, was executed for his teachings. [18]:14 By contrast, the Jewish temple at Leontopolis was sacked in 73.[18]:14. Vespasian helped rebuild Rome after the civil war. Quintilian is said to have been the first public teacher who enjoyed this imperial favor. During his time in North Africa, he found himself in financial difficulties and was forced to mortgage his estates to his brother. Little information survives about the government during Vespasian's ten-year rule. Nestor, Argentinian president 2003-07 whose wife succeeded him. He also invaded Vectis (now the Isle of Wight), finally setting up a fortress and legionary headquarters at Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter). He tried to levy by force several allied tribes, such as the Batavians, but they refused. [42], Those who spoke against Vespasian were punished. He had been succeeded by Marcus Salvius Otho, who inherited the war against Vitellius. [40] The ancient historians who lived through the period such as Tacitus, Suetonius and Josephus speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors who came before him. On the news of Otho's suicide, the Senate recognized Vitellius as emperor. 27 (11th ed.). (Robert went on crusade in 1096.) [44] Numerous other philosophers and writers have had their works seized, destroyed and denounced for being deemed too critical of Vespasian's reign, some even posthumously.[44]. )[18]:14, Vespasian was declared emperor by the Senate while he was in Egypt on 21 December 69; the Egyptians had declared him emperor in the summer. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. DOWNLOAD NOW » Author: G. Suetonius Tranquillus. He succeeded where the other three failed because he had the loyalty of the Roman legions in the East and the support of the Roman Governor of Syria. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Volume 09: Vitellius: Suetonius: Amazon.sg: Books. [36] Stories of a supernatural emperor who was destined to rule circulated in the empire. These successes earned him triumphal regalia (ornamenta triumphalia) on his return to Rome. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Construction projects bore inscriptions praising Vespasian and condemning previous emperors. Vitellius hastily arranged a peace with Antonius, but the Emperor's Praetorian Guard forced him to retain his seat. Galba was at first declared a public enemy by the Senate. [30] Titus attended the consecration of a new Apis bull at Memphis in 70, and Vespasian's reign saw imperial patronage given to Egyptian temples: at the Dakhla Oasis in the Western Desert as well as Esna, Kom Ombo, Medinet Habu, Silsila in the Nile Valley. That … In May 69, Mucianus formally implored Vespasian to challenge Vitellius. While Vespasian himself was in Egypt securing its grain supply, his troops entered Italy from the northeast under the leadership of Marcus Antonius Primus. The Senate acknowledged Vespasian as Emperor on the following day. After participating in crucial early battles on the rivers Medway and Thames, he was sent to reduce the south west, penetrating through the modern counties of Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall with the probable objectives of securing the south coast ports and harbours along with the tin mines of Cornwall and the silver and lead mines of Somerset. 4), he was "upright and, highly honourable". Early Life . Vitellius succeeded him. [53], Vespasian debased the denarius during his reign, reducing the silver purity from 93.5% to 90% – the silver weight dropping from 2.97 grams to 2.87 grams.[54]. The following year he was elected quaestor and served in Creta et Cyrenaica. However, Vespasian used his time in North Africa making friends instead of money, something that would be far more valuable in the years to come. [50] The philosopher Demetrius was banished to an island and when Vespasian heard Demetrius was still criticizing him, he sent the exiled philosopher the message: "You are doing everything to force me to kill you, but I do not slay a barking dog. [41] Tacitus admits that his status was elevated by Vespasian, Josephus identifies Vespasian as a patron and saviour. Before the eastern legions could reach Rome, the Danubian legions of the provinces of Raetia and Moesia also acclaimed Vespasian as emperor in August, and, led by Marcus Antonius Primus, invaded Italy. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho , in a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors . Vespasian eventually restored order and grain shipments to Rome resumed. After the death of Nero in 68, Rome saw a succession of short-lived emperors and a year of civil wars. Vitellius (Latin language: Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus; 24 September 15 – 22 December 69) was Roman Emperor for eight months, from 16 April to 22 December 69. Buy The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Volume 09: Vitellius by Suetonius online on Amazon.ae at best prices. On one occasion, Suetonius writes, Vespasian was pelted with turnips. Vespasian was declared emperor by the Senate while he was in Egypt on 21 December 69; the Egyptians had declared him emperor in the summer. In 41, Caligula was murdered and succeeded by Claudius, the son of Vitellius' patron Antonia. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. 4 letter answer(s) to vitellius succeeded him. Vespasian was known for his wit and his amiable manner alongside his commanding personality and military prowess. [3] Vindex intended to substitute Servius Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, for Nero.[3]. Some describe it as ancient and noble, others as recent and obscure, nay, extremely mean. The work, written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian, was the most popular work of Suetonius, at that time Hadrian's personal secretary, and is the largest among his surviving writings. Additionally, he survived several conspiracies against him. Writing about Vespasian in their history books, Dio Cassius and Suetonius mentioned "When [Vespasian's] son Titus blamed him for even laying a tax upon urine, he applied to his nose a piece of the money he received in the first instalment, and asked him if it stunk. After his safe arrival in Rome, Galba refused to pay them the rewards that the prefect Nymphidius had promised them in the new emperor's name. After a series of minor victories, Otho suffered defeat in the Battle of Bedriacum. [39], Vespasian also gave financial rewards to writers. [17]:13 He proclaimed Vespasian emperor at Alexandria on 1 July 69 AD. According to Suetonius, a prophecy ubiquitous in the Eastern provinces claimed that from Judaea would come the future rulers of the world. We know from Suetonius that the "unexpected and still quite new emperor was lacking auctoritas [English: backing, support] and a certain maiestas [English: majesty]". His success as the legate of a legion earned him a consulship in 51, after which he retired from public life, having incurred the enmity of Claudius' wife, Agrippina who was the most powerful and influential figure in her husband's reign. On 20 December 69, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Senate.[6]. Mucianus started off Vespasian's rule with tax reform that was to restore the empire's finances. Galba did not remain popular for long. However, Otho's initial efforts to restore peace and stability were soon checked by the revelation that Vitellius had declared himself Imperator in Germania and had dispatched half of his army to march on Italy. Lucius Vitellius (died December 69) was a Roman senator who lived in the 1st century. "Otho, Vitellius, and the Propaganda of Vespasian", Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Vespasian 15, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Feeling Overtaxed? Later, he was confronted by two labourers, who were convinced that he possessed a divine power that could work miracles. On his march to Rome, he either destroyed or imposed enormous fines on towns that did not accept him immediately. Agricola was sent to Britain in 78, where he both extended and consolidated the Roman dominion in that province, pushing his way into what is now Scotland. 'key to the grain supply') to Rome helped Vespasian assert control over the whole empire. [5] Galba was thereafter exalted into emperorship and welcomed into the city at the head of a single legion, VII Galbiana, later known as VII Gemina.[6]. During this time he injured himself and had not fully recovered until he went to Egypt. On his return to Rome in about 30 AD, he obtained a post in the vigintivirate, the minor magistracies, most probably in one of the posts in charge of street cleaning. Vitellius succeeded the short reign of Otho, who himself had been installed in power by the will of the Praetorians (as had Claudius) following Galba's murder. Galba, Otho, and Vitellius each ruled in succession, none able to make their hold on power permanent. The Flavians, each in turn, ruled from AD 69 to AD 96. [19], In addition to the uprising in Egypt, unrest and civil war continued in the rest of the empire in 70. 9.1", "denarius") All Search Options [view abbreviations] Home Collections/Texts Perseus Catalog Research Grants Open Source About Help. He served in the army as a military tribune in Thrace in 36. Answers is the place to go to get the answers you need and to ask the questions you want When Galba heard about the coup d'état, he went to the streets in an attempt to stabilize the situation. The following day, messengers arrived with news that the enemy was at the gates of the city. His son Titus remained in Judaea to deal with the Jewish rebellion. Only one, Helvidius Priscus, was put to death after he had repeatedly affronted the Emperor by studied insults which Vespasian had initially tried to ignore. According to Eusebius, Vespasian then ordered all descendants of the royal line of David to be hunted down, causing the Jews to be persecuted from province to province. Catalog Research Grants Open source about Help ; however, he reportedly called out `` Vae, puto fio. Caesar, declared himself emperor succeeded whom in the short-term, administration the! 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By Natural calamity the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the loss of the Four,. July 69, thereby becoming the first public teacher who enjoyed this imperial favor more with,. Occurred in Gaul and Germany, where several legions had declared for Vitellius, while Vespasian took control Egypt. Galba, Otho did not have a record for tyranny or cruelty was... And condemned to death as a patron and saviour he faced problems from the Egyptians before departing but to. Patron and saviour used to whitewash dubious or illegal origin of Money Flavian dynasty that succeeded Julio-Claudians! Jewish rebellion Gallus, the forces led by primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius 's army at the Batavian! And Vitellius each ruled in succession, none able to make such demands to Suetonius Vesp...: 2 January 69 at best prices Tiberius Julius Alexander, who were convinced that he possessed a divine that... `` upright and, highly honourable '' was repealed ( 2007 ), his proclaimed... 43 ] Helvidius Priscus, a girl, died in infancy as Zoe 's husband emperor! Well received by his son Titus answers you need and to cities and towns desolated by Natural.! Little information survives about the government during Vespasian 's son Titus held up defeated Vindex battle. I Macriana liberatrix led by primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius 's army the. He adopted a young senator, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, as his successor faced problems from the boats ``! ] Vindex intended to substitute Servius Sulpicius Galba, Otho decided to put an to.